Pet toys;Toys for pets;Toys for domestic pets;Pet toys containing catnip;Ball launchers for pets.

Scientific, nautical, surveying, photographic, cinematographic, optical, weighing, measuring, signalling, checking (supervision), life-saving and teaching apparatus and instruments; Apparatus and instruments for conducting, switching, transforming, accumulating, regulating or controlling electricity; Apparatus for recording, transmission or reproduction of sound or images; Magnetic data carriers, recording discs; CD-i's; DVDs and sound media; Mechanisms for coin-operated apparatus; Cash registers, calculating machines, data processing equipment, computers; Computer software; Fire-extinguishing apparatus; Mobile apps; Mobile apps; Educational mobile applications; Mobile software; Downloadable graphics for mobile phones; Mobile applications for booking taxis; Application software for mobile devices; Computer software for mobile phones; Downloadable mobile applications for the management of data; Downloadable mobile applications for the transmission of data; Downloadable mobile applications for the transmission of information; Downloadable mobile applications for the management of information; Software and applications for mobile devices; Downloadable applications for use with mobile devices; Computer application software for mobile telephones; Electronic game software for mobile phones; Downloadable mobile applications for use with wearable computer devices; Computer software for mobile applications that enable interaction and interface between vehicles and mobile devices; Computer software to enable the transmission of photographs to mobile telephones; Augmented reality software for use in mobile devices; Computer game software for use on mobile and cellular phones; Keyboards for mobile phones; Cases adapted for mobile phones; mobile phone earphones; Mobile phone speakers; Mobile telecommunications handsets; Cell phones; Mobile data apparatus; Portable telecommunications apparatus; Digital cellular phones; Downloadable mobile coupons; Cell phone covers; Displays for mobile phones; Mobile telephone batteries; Local mobile telephone systems; Leather cases for mobile phones; Holders adapted for mobile phones; Mobile data communications apparatus; Downloadable emoticons for mobile phones; Fast chargers for mobile devices; Software for mobile phones; External memories for cellphones; Display modules for mobile phones; Auxiliary batteries for mobile phones; Auxiliary speakers for mobile phones; USB cables for cellphones; Mobile phone docking stations; Carrying cases for mobile computers; Mobile phone connectors for vehicles; Flip covers for mobile phones; Application software for mobile phones; Chargers for mobile phones; Headsets for mobile telephones; Devices for hands-free use of mobile phones; Software for mobile device management; Display screen protectors in the nature of films for mobile phones; Mobile telephones for use in vehicles; Mobile High-Definition Link (MHL) cables; Hands-free holders for cell phones; Hands-free headsets for cell phones; Hands-free microphones for cell phones; Hands-free kits for cell phones; Hands-free kits for cell phones; Mobile telephone apparatus with built-in facsimile systems; Telecommunications apparatus for use with mobile networks; Anti-dust plugs for cell phones; Dashboard mounts for mobile phones; Gender changers [cable adapters] for cell phones; Mobile telephone covers made of cloth or textile materials; Mobile telephone cases made of leather or imitations of leather; Cell phone battery chargers for use in vehicles; USB flash drives with micro USB connectors, compatible with mobile telephones; Wireless headsets for use with mobile telephones; Electronic devices used to locate lost articles employing the global positioning system or cellular communication networks; Films, exposed; Holograms; Holographic images; Holographic film; Holographic plates; Holographic plates; Holographic apparatus; Holographic screens; Holographic projectors; Holographic security apparatus; Head-mounted holographic displays; Holograms for genuine product certification; Animated cartoons; Translation apparatus; Audiovisual teaching apparatus; Compact discs [read-only memory]; Chips [integrated circuits]; Bar code readers; Readers [data processing equipment]; Readers of matrix or two-dimensional codes or rapid data reading and quick response codes (QR codes); Image files downloadable via a computer network (the internet, intranets); Transparencies [photography]; Diskettes; DVDs; DVD ROMs; Electronic pens; Electronic agendas; Electronic tags for goods; Electronic notice boards; Electronic publications downloadable via a computer network, online (the internet, intranets) and/or via mobile applications; Electronic notice boards; Electronic teaching devices; Electronic certificates; Electronic protective signs; Electronic pocket translators; Electronic newsletters downloadable via a computer network, online (the internet, intranets) and/or via mobile applications, delivered by email; Electronic newsletters downloadable via a computer network, online (the internet, intranets) and/or via mobile applications, via social networks, via mobile applications and/or via matrix or two-dimensional codes or rapid data reading and quick response codes (QR codes) and/or other similar data media containing information about articles provided on electronic media and/or on printed matter and printed media; Global Positioning System [GPS] apparatus; Hardware/software systems for the automatic writing of spoken text; Identity cards containing chips; Identity cards with QR codes; Identity cards with optically readable codes; Identity cards, magnetic; Joysticks for use with computers (not for video games); Integrated circuit cards (smart cards); Encoded smart cards; Encoded cards with QR codes; Encoded cards with optically readable codes; Encoded magnetic cards; Compact discs (audio-video); Control panels for electronic information and communications systems; Control panels for electronic control systems; Encoded identification bracelets, magnetic; Disks, magnetic; Magnetic encoders; Magnetic data media; Microprocessors; Monitors [computer hardware]; Monitors (computer hardware); Teaching apparatus; Electronic data media; Luminous advertising boards; Smartglasses; Smart cards [integrated circuit cards]; Styluses for writing on screens and/or for interaction with computer screens, portable electronic devices, mobile telephones, smartphones, information and communication devices and/or screens for electronic devices; Programs for applications on mobile devices; Programs for smartphone applications; Programs for computer systems; Computer application software for use in implementing the Internet of Things [IoT]; Computer programs, namely computer software for robots; Computer programs and software for artificial intelligence; Computer programs, namely computer software for mobile applications; Computer programs, namely computer software for hybrid mobile applications; Computer programs, namely computer software for the optimisation of computer programs; Computer programs, namely computer software for the optimisation of mobile applications; Computer programs, namely computer software for e-commerce; Computer programs [downloadable software]; Computer programs, namely computer software downloadable via a computer network, online (the internet, intranets) and/or via mobile applications, via social networks, via mobile applications and/or via matrix or two-dimensional codes or rapid data reading and quick response codes (QR codes) and/or other similar data media; Software; Computer programmes [programs], recorded; Computer software, recorded; Smartcards (integrated circuit cards); Electronic data processors; Electronic image processors; USB flash drives; Acoustic alarms; Downloadable audio signals for electronic devices; Downloadable audio signals for information and communications devices; Downloadable audio signals for mobile devices; Downloadable audio signals for mobile telephones; Downloadable audio signals for computers; Downloadable ring tones for electronic devices; Downloadable ring tones for information and communications devices; Downloadable ring tones for mobile devices; Downloadable ring tones for mobile phones; Action cameras; Electronic collars to train animals; Decorative magnets in the shape of animals; Electronic animal identification apparatus; Cinematographic films; Animated films; Computer software platforms; Mobile platforms, namely computer software platforms, software platforms for collaboration management, revision control platforms (software), digital telephone platforms and software, computer software platforms, recorded or downloadable, software platforms for collaboration (software), computer software platforms for social networking, electronic interfaces for motion simulator platforms, software platforms that allow users to raise money, real-time collaborative editing (RTCE) platforms (software); Collaboration management software platforms; Revision control platforms (software); Computer software platforms, recorded or downloadable; Computer software platforms for social networks; Electronic Interfaces for Motion Simulator Platforms; Graphics cards; Graphic terminals; Graphic equalizers; Digitiser pads; Graphical plotters; Graphic recorders; Graphics accelerators; Computer graphics boards; Video graphics accelerator; Video graphics controller; Digital graphic scanners; Handheld graphing calculators; Interactive graphics screens; Graphic display terminals; Computer graphics software; graphics processing units (GPUs); Graphic art software; Downloadable graphic design templates; Graphical user interface software; Data processing software for graphic representations; Interactive terminals; Interactive video apparatus; Interactive computer systems; Interactive television terminal sets; Interactive databases; Interactive computer software; Electronic interactive whiteboards; Computer whiteboards; Interactive DVDs; Interactive computer software; Interactive video software; Interactive multimedia computer game programs; Interactive entertainment software; Interactive multimedia computer programs; Interactive data transfer apparatus; Interactive video game programs; Software for interactive television; Interactive multimedia game programs; Interactive game software; Interactive computer game programs; Interactive multimedia computer game programs; Interactive compact discs and CD-ROMs; Computer programmes for interactive television and for interactive games and/or quizzes; Interactive touch screen terminals; Games software; Downloadable computer games; Computer software that permits games to be played; Games software; Pre-recorded compact discs featuring games; Computer game discs; Computer game cassettes; Computer joysticks; Computer game software for use with on-line interactive games; Game programs for arcade video game machines; Downloadable computer game programs; Software programs for video games; Recorded computer game programs; Computer application software featuring games and gaming; Recorded computer game software; Games cartridges for use with electronic games apparatus; Virtual reality game software; Augmented reality game software; Electronic game software for wireless devices; Computer games programmes downloaded via the internet [software]; Downloadable interactive entertainment software for playing video games; Computer game software downloadable from a global computer network; Computer software for the administration of on-line games and gaming; Recorded programs for hand-held games with liquid crystal displays; Integrated circuit memory cards for use in playing electronic musical instruments.

Advertising; Business management; Business administration; Office functions; Advertisement via mobile phone networks; Retail services in relation to mobile phones; Arranging and conducting of auctions and reverse auctions via mobile telephones; Retail store services in the field of clothing; Retail services connected with the sale of clothing and clothing accessories; Advertising services relating to clothing; Mail order retail services for clothing; Online retail store services relating to clothing; Online retail services relating to clothing; Retail services in relation to clothing accessories; Retail services in relation to clothing; Wholesale services in relation to clothing; Mail order retail services connected with clothing accessories; Online retail services relating to toys; Wholesale services in relation to toys; Retail services in relation to toys; Efficiency experts; Professional business consulting; Marketing; branding; Business communications; Advertising; Secretarial services; Advertising, including exhibitions, fairs and presentations for commercial or advertising purposes; Publication of publicity texts; Word processing; Rental of advertising space; Rental of advertising time on communication media; Publicity material rental; On-line advertising on a computer network; Organization of exhibitions for commercial or advertising purposes; Organisation of trade fairs for commercial or advertising purposes; Presentation of goods on communication media, for retail purposes; Demonstration of goods; Publicity columns preparation; Dissemination of advertising matter; Publicity; Advertising by mail order; Publicity; Radio advertising; Television advertising; Advertising services on the Internet; Internet marketing services; Advertising and advertising on computer networks; Business facilitation via a computer network; Services in the field of marketing of goods; Online advertising; Advertising via TV; Radio advertising; Retail services, online retail services, wholesale services, business brokerage services, connected with the sale of the following goods: scientific, Nautical, Surveying, photographic, Cinematographic, Optical, weighing, Measuring, signaling, Checking (supervision), Life-saving pnd teaching apparatus and Instruments, Apparatus and instruments for the conducting, Switching, Transforming, Store, Regulating or controlling electricity, apparatus for recording, Transmission or reproduction of sound and images, Magnetic data carriers, Recording discs, CDs, DVDs and other audio media, Mechanisms for coin-operated apparatus, cash register, Calculators, Data processing equipment and computers, Computer software, Fire-extinguishing apparatus, Mobile applications, mobile applications, Educational mobile applications, Mobile software, downloadable graphics for mobile phones, Mobile applications for booking taxis, Application software for mobile devices, Computer software for mobile phone, Downloadable mobile applications for the management of data, Downloadable mobile applications for the transmission of data, Downloadable mobile applications for the transmission of information, Downloadable mobile applications for the management of information, software and applications for mobile devices, Downloadable applications for use with mobile devices, Software and applications, For mobile telephones, Electronic game software, For mobile telephones, Downloadable mobile applications for use with wearable computer devices, Computer software for mobile applications, Enabling interaction and acting as an interface between vehicles and mobile devices, Software, Enabling the transfer of photographs to mobile telephones, Augmented reality software for use in mobile devices, Computer game software for use on mobile and cellular phones, Mobile phone keypads, Cases for mobile telephones, mobile phone handsets, Loudspeakers for mobile telephones, mobile telecommunications handsets, mobile phones, Mobile data apparatus, Mobile telecommunication apparatus, Digital cellular phones, downloadable mobile coupons, Cases for mobiles, Mobile telephone display screens, Batteries for mobile phone, Local mobile telephone systems, Leather case for cell phones, Holders, Adapted for mobile telephones, Mobile data communications apparatus, Downloadable emoticons for mobile phones, Fast chargers for mobile devices, mobile telephone software, External memories for cell phones, Display modules for mobile phones, Auxiliary battery for mobile phones, auxiliary speakers for mobile phones, USB cables for cell phones, Mobile phone docs, Bags adapted for laptops, Mobile phone connectors for vehicles, Flip covers for mobile phones, application software for mobile phones, Battery chargers, For mobile telephones, Headsets for cellular telephones, Devices for hands-free use of mobile phone, Software for mobile device management, Display screen protectors in the natureof films for mobile phones, mobile phones, For use in vehicles, Mobile High-Definition Link (MHL) cables, Hands-free holders for mobile phones, Hands-free headsets for cell phones, Hands-free microphones for mobile phones, Hands-free kits for mobile telephones, Hands-free kits for mobile telephones, Mobile telephone apparatus with built-in facsimile systems, Telecommunications apparatus for use with mobile networks, Anti-dust plugs for cell phones, Dashboard mounts for mobile phones, Gender changers [cable adapters] for cell phones, Cases for mobile telephones, Made of cloth or textile materials, Cases for mobile telephones, Made of leather or imitations of leather, Battery chargers for mobile telephones, For use in vehicles, USB flash drives with micro USB connectors, Compatible with mobile telephones, Wireless headsets, For use with mobile telephones, Electronic devices for locating lost items, Using a global positioning system or mobile communications network, Exposed films, Holograms, Holographic images, Holographic films, holographic discs, holographic plates, Holography apparatus, holographic screens, Holographic projectors, Holographic security apparatus, head- mounted holographic displays, Holograms for genuine product certification, animated cartoons, Apparatus for conducting, Audio-visual teaching apparatus, CD-ROMs, Chips [integrated circuits], Barcode readers, Readers (data processing equipment), Readers of matrix or two-dimensional codes or rapid data reading and quick response codes (QR codes), Image files, Downloadable via a computer network (the internet, intranets), Slides [photography], Floppy discs, DVD's, DVD-Roms, Electronic pens (visual display units), Electronic agendas, Electronic tags for goods, electronic bulletin boards, E-publications, Downloadable via a computer network, Online (the internet, intranets) and/or via mobile applications, Electronic billboard services, Electronic learning devices, Electronic certificates, Electronic protective signs, Pocket translators, electronic, Electronic newsletters, Downloadable via a computer network, Online (the internet, intranets) and/or via mobile applications, Delivered via email, Electronic newsletters, Downloadable via a computer network, Online (the internet, intranets) and/or via mobile applications, Via a social network, Via mobile applications and/or via matrix or two-dimensional codes or rapid data reading and quick response codes (QR codes) and/or other similar data media containing information about articles, Provided on electronic media and/or printed matter and printed media, Global Positioning System (GPS) apparatus, Hardware/software systems for the automatic writing of spoken text, Identity cards containing chips, Identity cards with QR codes, Identity cards with optically readable codes, Identification cards, Magnetic, Joysticks for use with computers (not for video games), Integrated circuit cards (smart cards), Encoded chip cards, Encoded cards with QR codes, Encoded cards with optically readable codes, Encoded magnetic cards, Compact discs (audio-video), Control panels for electronic information and communications systems, Control panels for electronic control systems, Encoded identification bracelets, magnetic, Discs, magnetic, Magnetic encoders, Magnetic data carriers, micro processors, monitors [computer hardware], Monitors (computer hardware), teaching apparatus, Electronic data media, Luminous advertising boards, smartglasses, smart cards, Styluses for use on screens and/or for interaction with computer screens, portable electronic devices, mobile phones, Smartphones, Information and communications devices and/or screens for electronic devices, Programs for applications on mobile devices, Programs for smartphone applications, Programs for computer systems, Computer application software for use in implementing the Internet of Things, Computer programs, namely computer software for robots, Computer programs, namely artificial intelligence software, Computer programs, namely computer software for mobile applications, Computer programs, namely computer software for hybrid mobile applications, Computer programs, namely computer software for the optimisation of computer programs, Computer programs, namely computer software for the optimisation of mobile applications, Computer programs, namely computer software for e-commerce, Computer programs, software, Downloadable from computer networks (internet), Computer programs, software, Downloadable via a computer network, Online (the internet, intranets) and/or via mobile applications, Via a social network, Via mobile applications and/or via matrix or two-dimensional codes or rapid data reading and quick response codes (QR codes) and/or other similar data media, Computer programs, software, Computer programs, Recorded, Computer software, Recorded, Smartcards (integrated circuit cards), Electronic data processors, Electronic image processors, USB memory devices, Acoustic alarms, Downloadable audio signals for electronic devices, Downloadable audio signals for information and communications devices, Downloadable audio signals for mobile devices, Downloadable audio signals for mobile telephones, Downloadable audio signals for computers, Downloadable ring tones for electronic devices, Downloadable ring tones for information and communications devices, Downloadable ring tones for mobile devices, Downloadable ring tones for mobile phones, action cameras, electronic collars to train animals, Decorative magnets in the shape of animals, Electronic animal identification devices, movies, cartoons, Clothing, Footwear, Headgear, Clothing, Footwear, Headgear, linen, Underwear, Lingerie for women, Articles of underclothing for men, T-shirts, Men's T-shirts, women's T-shirts, barrettes, Skull caps, Caps (hearwear), clutch purses, outerwear, Couplings, Short sleeve shirts, suspenders, suspenders, Clothing, Fancy dress outfits, beanies, neckerchiefs, collars (clothing), neckwear, Being detachable, belts (for wear), Money belts (clothing), coats, Heavy jackets, jumpers [pullovers], Gloves for clothing, chokers, shawls, Jackets, sweaters, sports shoes, Boots for sports, vests, Cassocks, uniforms, Skirts, Dresses, knitwear, knitwear [clothing], Crocheted clothing, Leather garments, workwear, outwear, fur muffs, fur jackets, fur coats, Socks, games, playthings, Gymnastic and sporting articles, Not included in other classes, Christmas-tree ornaments, Toy action figures, action toys, Electric action toys, action skill games, mechanical action toys, electric action toys, lever action toys, Skill and action games, Battery operated action toys, cases for action figures, playsets for action figures, Playsets for action figures, Action figures (toys or playthings), electric action figures with lights and sounds, Toy environments for use with action figures, playthings for domestic pets, toys for animals, plush toys and animals, Animal replicas as playthings, Toy animals, Toys and playthings for pets, Soft toys in the form of animals, Toy animals, Being motor-driven, Toys and playthings, all for pet animals, Toys and playthings for pets, Toys and playthings for pets, Toys and playthings for pets, Made of rope, computer software platforms, Mobile platforms, Namely computer software platforms, Collaboration management software platforms, Revision control platforms (software), Computer software and platforms for digital telephony, computer software platforms, Recorded or downloadable, Software platforms for collaboration (software), Computer software platforms for social networking, Electronic Interfaces for Motion Simulator Platforms, Software platforms, That allow users to raise money, Real-time collaborative editing (RTCE) platforms (software), Collaboration management software platforms, Revision control platforms (software), Computer software platforms, Recorded or downloadable, Computer software platforms for social networking, Electronic Interfaces for Motion Simulator Platforms, Graphics cards, Graphic terminals, Graphic equalisers, Graphics tablets, Graphical plotters, Graphic recorders, Graphics accelerators, Computer graphics boards, Video graphics accelerators, Video graphics controller, Digital graphic scanners, Hand-held graphing calculators, interactive graphics screens, Graphic display terminals, Computer graphic software, Graphics processing units (GPUs), Graphic art software, Downloadable graphic design templates, Graphical user interface software, Data-processing software for graphic representations, Interactive terminals, interactive video apparatus, Interactive computer systems, interactive television terminal sets, Interactive databases, Interactive software, Electronic interactive blackboards, Interactive computer whiteboards, interactive DVDs, Interactive computer software, Interactive video software, Interactive multimedia computer game programs, Interactive entertainment software, Interactive multimedia computer programs, Interactive data transfer apparatus, Interactive video game programs, Software for interactive television, Interactive multimedia game programs, Interactive game software, Interactive computer game programs, Interactive multimedia computer game programs, customised floppy discs and CD-ROMS, Computer programmes for interactive television and for interactive games and/or quizzes, Interactive touch screen terminals, Computer programs for playing games, Downloadable computer games, Software, For playing games, Gambling software, Pre-recorded compact discs featuring games, Computer game discs, Computer game cassettes, Computer joysticks, Computer game software for use with on-line interactive games, Game programs for arcade video game machines, downloadable computer game programs, video game software, Recorded computer game programs, Computer application software featuring games and gaming, computer game software, recorded, Games cartridges, For use with electronic games apparatus, virtual reality games software, Augmented reality games software, Electronic game software, For wireless devices, computer game programmes, Downloaded via the internet (software), Downloadable interactive entertainment software for playing video, computer game software, Downloadable from a global computer network, Computer software for the administration of on-line games and gaming, Recorded programs for handheld devices with liquid crystal displays, Integrated circuit memory cards, For use in playing electronic musical instruments; all the aforementioned services in this class excluding services relating to foodstuffs and fodder for animals, pet food, grains for animal consumption, edible chews for animals, yeast for animal consumption, accessories for pets.

Infrared lamps;Infrared lamp fixtures;Infrared lighting fixtures;Infrared lamps, not for medical purposes.

Bird cages;Cages for pets;Pets (Cages for household -);Cages for household pets;Cages for carrying pets;Wire cages for household pets;Cages of metal for domestic use.

Tote bags, carry-all bags, backpacks, school bags, fanny packs, messenger bags, athletic bags, travel bags, knapsacks, duffle bags, beach bags, children’s shoulder bags.

Toys, games, playthings; interactive toys.

Downloadable and recorded computer game software; downloadable video game programs; downloadable and recorded computer software platforms for social networking; downloadable and recorded interactive video game programs; downloadable electronic game programs and downloadable computer software platforms for social networking that may be accessed via the internet, computers and wireless devices; downloadable and recorded computer software to enable uploading, posting, showing, displaying, tagging, blogging, sharing or otherwise providing electronic media or information in the fields of virtual communities, electronic gaming, entertainment, and general interest via the internet or other communications networks with third parties; downloadable electronic game software for cellular telephones; downloadable electronic game software for wireless devices; and downloadable electronic game software for use with social networking applications and on social networking websites.

Entertainment services, namely, providing on-line computer games and game applications, enhancements within online computer games, and game applications within online computer games; computer games and gaming services provided via an internet website portal; entertainment services, namely, providing virtual environments in which users can interact through social games for recreational, leisure or entertainment purposes.

Pet food;Pet foods;Pet rabbit food;Pet food for dogs;Pet food for birds;Pet foods in the form of chews;Dog food.

Toys.

Dietary, food and nutritional supplements, mineral preparations and vitamin preparations containing CBD (cannabidiol) for animals and pets; hemp, CBD and cannabis-derived preparations for use as nutritional supplements for animals and pets, in edible or drinkable form; nutraceuticals for use as a dietary supplement for animals and pets; cannabidiol and cannabis for medical use for pets and animals.

Pet and animal foods and beverages; pet and animal foods and beverages containing CBD (cannabidiol), CBD oil or cannabis-derived preparations; additives, supplements and preparations for use with food, feedstuffs and drinks for animals; food, feedstuffs and beverages for animals, all containing cannabis or cannabis-derived products.

Vitamin supplements for animals;Dietary supplements for animals;Mineral dietary supplements for animals;Dietary supplements for human beings and animals;Mineral supplements;Nutritional supplements;Prebiotic supplements;Probiotic supplements.

Retail services in relation to pet products;Retail services in relation to confectionery;Retail services relating to candy;Retail services relating to food;Retail services relating to clothing;Retail services connected with stationery;Retail services in relation to jewellery;Retail services in relation to headgear;Retail services in relation to meats;Retail services in relation to lighting;Retail services in relation to bags;Retail services in relation to furnishings;Retail services in relation to seafood;Retail services relating to home textiles;Retail services in relation to luggage;Retail services in relation to furniture;Retail services in relation to tableware;Retail services in relation to toys;Retail services in relation to desserts;Online retail services relating to jewelry;Online retail services relating to handbags;Online retail services relating to cosmetics;Retail services in relation to clothing;Retail services in relation to cookware;Online retail services relating to toys;Retail services in relation to chocolate;Retail services in relation to teas;Retail services in relation to foodstuffs;Online retail services relating to luggage;Online retail services relating to clothing;Retail services in relation to fabrics;Retail services in relation to recorded content;Retail services in relation to veterinary preparations;Retail services in relation to veterinary articles.