Toothpaste tube squeezers; toothbrush holders; towel rails and rings; toothbrushes for animals; battery-powered dental flossers; dental floss; towel rails.

Advertising; Business management; Business administration; Office functions; Retailing in relation to chemicals used in industry, science and photography, as well as in agriculture, horticulture and forestry, unprocessed artificial resins, unprocessed plastics, manures, fire extinguishing compositions, tempering and soldering preparations, chemical substances for preserving foodstuffs, tanning substances, adhesives used in industry, paints, varnishes, lacquers, preservatives against rust and against deterioration of wood, colorants, mordants, raw natural resins, metals in foil and powder form for painters, decorators, printers and artists, bleaching preparations and other substances for laundry use, cleaning, polishing, scouring and abrasive preparations, soaps, perfumery, essential oils, cosmetics, hair lotions, dentifrices, industrial oils and greases, lubricants, pharmaceutical and veterinary preparations, sanitary preparations for medical purposes, dietetic foodstuffs and substances adapted for medical or veterinary use, food for babies, food supplements for human beings and animals, plasters, materials for dressings, material for stopping teeth, dental wax, disinfectants, preparations for destroying vermin, fungicides, herbicides, dust absorbing, wetting and binding compositions, fuels (including motor spirit) and illuminants, candles and wicks for lighting, common metals and their alloys, metal building materials, transportable buildings of metal, materials of metal for railway tracks, non-electric cables and wires of common metal, ironmongery, small items of metal hardware, pipes and tubes of metal, safes, goods of common metal, ores, machines and machine tools, motors and engines (except for land vehicles), machine coupling and transmission components (except for land vehicles), agricultural implements other than hand-operated, incubators for eggs, vending machines, hand tools and implements (hand-operated), cutlery, side arms, razors, scientific, nautical, surveying, photographic, cinematographic, optical, weighing, measuring, signalling, checking (supervision), life-saving and teaching apparatus and instruments, apparatus and instruments for conducting, switching, transforming, accumulating, regulating or controlling electricity, apparatus for recording, transmission or reproduction of sound or images, magnetic data carriers, recording discs, CDs, DVDs and other digital data carriers, mechanisms for coin-operated apparatus, cash registers, calculating machines, data processing equipment and computers, computer software, fire-extinguishing apparatus, surgical, medical, dental and veterinary apparatus and instruments, artificial limbs, eyes and teeth, orthopedic articles, suture materials, apparatus for lighting, heating, steam generating, cooking, refrigerating, drying, ventilating, water supply and sanitary purposes, vehicles, apparatus for locomotion by land, air or water, firearms, ammunition and projectiles, explosives, fireworks, precious metals and their alloys and goods in precious metals or coated therewith, jewellery, precious stones, horological and chronometric instruments, musical instruments, paper, cardboard and goods made from these materials, printed matter, book binding material, photographs, stationery, adhesives for stationery or household purposes, artists' materials, paint brushes, typewriters and office requisites (except furniture), instructional and teaching material (except apparatus), plastic materials for packaging (not included in other classes), printers' type, printing blocks, rubber, gutta-percha, gum, asbestos, mica and goods made from these materials, plastics in extruded form for use in manufacture, packing, stopping and insulating materials, flexible pipes not of metal, leather and imitations of leather and goods made of these materials, animal skins, hides, trunks and travelling bags, umbrellas, parasols and walking sticks, whips, harness and saddlery, building materials (non-metallic), non-metallic rigid pipes for building, asphalt, pitch and bitumen, non-metallic transportable buildings, monuments, not of metal, furniture, mirrors, picture frames, goods of wood, cork, reed, cane, wicker, horn, bone, ivory, whalebone, shell, amber, mother-of-pearl, meerschaum and substitutes for all these materials, or of plastics, household or kitchen utensils and containers, combs and sponges, brushes (except paint brushes), brush-making materials, articles for cleaning purposes, steelwool, unworked or semi-worked glass (except glass used in building), glassware, porcelain and earthenware not included in other classes, ropes, string, nets, tents, awnings, tarpaulins, sails, sacks and bags (not included in other classes), padding and stuffing materials (except of rubber or plastics), raw fibrous textile materials, yarns and threads, for textile use, textiles and textile goods, bed and table covers, clothing, footwear, headgear, lace and embroidery, ribbons and braid, buttons, hooks and eyes, pins and needles, artificial flowers, carpets, rugs, mats and matting, linoleum and other materials for covering existing floors, wall hangings (non-textile), games and playthings, gymnastic and sporting articles and decorations for Christmas trees, meat, fish, poultry and game, meat extracts, preserved, frozen, dried and cooked fruits and vegetables, jellies, jams, compotes, eggs, milk and milk products, edible oils and fats, coffee, tea, cocoa and artificial coffee, sugar, rice, tapioca, sago, flour and preparations made from cereals, bread, pastry and confectionery, ices, honey, treacle, yeast, baking-powder, salt, mustard, vinegar, sauces (condiments), spices, ice, grains and agricultural, horticultural and forestry products, live animals, fresh fruits and vegetables, seeds, natural plants and flowers, foodstuffs for animals, malt, beers, mineral and aerated waters and other non-alcoholic drinks, fruit drinks and fruit juices, syrups and other preparations for making beverages, alcoholic beverages (except beers), tobacco, smokers' articles, matches.

Insurance; Financial affairs; Monetary affairs; Real estate affairs.

Telecommunications.

Transport; Packaging and storage of goods; Travel arrangement.

Education; Providing of training; Entertainment; Sporting and cultural activities.

Scientific and technological services and research and design relating thereto; Industrial analysis and research services; Design and development of computer hardware and software.

Services for providing food and drink; Temporary accommodation.

Medical services; Veterinary services; Hygienic and beauty care for human beings or animals; Agriculture, horticulture and forestry services.

Legal services; Security services for the protection of property and individuals; Personal and social services rendered by others to meet the needs of individuals.

Advertising; Business management; Business administration; Office functions; Updating of advertising material; Cost price analysis; Business inquiries; Business management and organization consultancy; Business management consultancy; Personnel management consultancy; Management (Advisory services for business -); Procurement services for others [purchasing goods and services for other businesses]; Import-export agencies; Business consultancy (Professional -); Accounting; Auditing; File management (Computerized -); Publicity agencies; Auctioneering; Transcription; Relocation services for businesses; Business investigations; Compilation of statistics; Efficiency experts; Accounts (Drawing up of statements of -); Tax preparation; Economic forecasting; Commercial information agencies; Commercial information and advice for consumers [consumer advice shop]; Invoicing; Television advertising; Photocopying services; Business management of performing artists; Business management of sports people; Business management of hotels; Publication of publicity texts; Commercial or industrial management assistance; Business information; Commercial administration of the licensing of the goods and services of others; Layout services for advertising purposes; Payroll preparation; Modelling for advertising or sales promotion; Marketing; Marketing research; Marketing studies; Opinion polling; Data search in computer files for others; Business research; Public relations; On-line advertising on a computer network; Organization of exhibitions for commercial or advertising purposes; Fashion shows for promotional purposes (Organization of -); Business organization consultancy; Outsourcing services [business assistance]; Employment agencies; Personnel recruitment; Psychological testing for the selection of personnel; Bill-posting; Business management assistance; Presentation of goods on communication media, for retail purposes; Price comparison services; Production of advertising films; Radio advertising; News clipping services; Shop window dressing; Word processing; Typing; Secretarial services; Sponsorship search; Shorthand; Systemization of information into computer databases; Telephone answering for unavailable subscribers; Telemarketing services; Organization of trade fairs for commercial or advertising purposes; Dissemination of advertising matter; Writing of publicity texts; Sales promotion for others; Office machines and equipment rental; Rental of photocopying machines; Rental of vending machines; Rental of advertising space; Publicity material rental; Rental of advertising time on communication media; Arranging subscriptions to telecommunication services for others; Arranging newspaper subscriptions for others; Advertising by mail order; Distribution of samples; Direct mail advertising; Document reproduction; Administrative processing of purchase orders; Demonstration of goods; Advertising; Publicity columns preparation; Business appraisals; Compilation of information into computer databases; Retailing relating to chemicals used in industry, science and photography, as well as in agriculture, horticulture and forestry, unprocessed artificial resins, unprocessed plastics, manures, fire-extinguishing compositions, tempering and soldering preparations, chemical substances for preserving foodstuffs, tanning substances, adhesives used in industry, paints, varnishes, lacquers, preservatives against rust and against deterioration of wood, colorants, mordants, raw natural resins, metals in foil and powder form for painters, decorators, printers and artists, bleaching preparations and other substances for laundry use, cleaning, polishing, scouring and abrasive preparations, soaps, perfumery, essential oils, cosmetics, hair lotions, dentifrices, industrial oils and greases, lubricants, pharmaceutical and veterinary preparations, sanitary preparations for medical purposes, dietetic foodstuffs and substances adapted for medical or veterinary use, food for babies, food supplements for humans and animals, plasters, materials for dressings, material for stopping teeth, dental wax, disinfectants, preparations for destroying vermin, fungicides, herbicides, dust absorbing, wetting and binding compositions, fuels, (including motor spirit) and illuminants, candles and wicks for lighting, common metals and their alloys, metal building materials, transportable buildings of metal, materials of metal for railway tracks, non-electric cables and wires of common metal, ironmongery, small items of metal hardware, pipes and tubes of metal, safes, goods of common metal, ores, machines and machine tools, motors and engines (except for land vehicles), machine coupling and transmission components (except for land vehicles), agricultural implements other than hand-operated, incubators for eggs, automatic vending machines, hand tools and implements (hand-operated), cutlery, side arms, razors, scientific, nautical, surveying, photographic, cinematographic, optical, weighing, measuring, signalling, checking (supervision), life-saving and teaching apparatus and instruments, apparatus and instruments for conducting, switching, transforming, accumulating, regulating and controlling electricity, apparatus for recording, transmission or reproduction of sound or images, magnetic data carriers, recording discs, CDs, DVDs and other digital data carriers, mechanisms for coin-operated apparatus, cash registers, calculating machines, data processing hardware and computers, computer software, fire-extinguishing apparatus, surgical, medical, dental and veterinary apparatus and instruments, artificial limbs, eyes and teeth, orthopaedic articles, suture materials, apparatus for lighting, heating, steam generating, cooking, refrigerating, drying, ventilating, water supply and sanitary purposes, vehicles, apparatus for locomotion by land, air or water, firearms, ammunitions and projectiles, explosives, fireworks, precious metals and their alloys and goods in precious metals or coated therewith, jewellery, precious stones, horological and chronometric instruments, musical instruments, paper, cardboard and goods made from these materials, printed matter, book binding material, photographs, stationery, adhesives for stationery or household use, artists' materials, paint brushes, typewriters and office requisites (except furniture), instructional and teaching material (except apparatus), plastic materials for packaging, printers' type, printing blocks, rubber, gutta-percha, gum, asbestos, mica and goods made from these materials, plastics in extruded form for use in manufacture, packing, stopping and insulating materials, flexible pipes not of metal, leather and imitations of leather, and goods made of these materials, animal skins, hides, trunks and travelling bags, umbrellas, parasols and walking sticks, whips, harness and saddlery, materials (non-metallic), non-metallic rigid pipes for building, asphalt, pitch and bitumen, non-metallic transportable buildings, monuments, not of metal, furniture, mirrors, picture frames, goods of wood, cork, reed, cane, wicker, horn, bone, ivory, whalebone, shell, amber, mother-of-pearl, meerschaum and substitutes for all these materials, or of plastics, household or kitchen utensils and containers, combs and sponges, brushes (except paint brushes), brush-making materials, articles for cleaning purposes, steelwool, unworked or semi-worked glass (except glass used in building), glassware, porcelain and earthenware, ropes, string, nets, tents, awnings, tarpaulins, sails, sacks and bags, padding and stuffing materials (except of rubber or plastics), raw fibrous textile materials, yarns and threads, for textile use, textiles and textile goods, bed and table covers, clothing, footwear, headgear, lace and embroidery, ribbons and braid, buttons, hooks and eyes, pins and needles, artificial flowers, carpets, rugs, mats and matting, linoleum and other materials for covering existing floors, wall hangings (non-textile), games and playthings, gymnastic and sporting articles, decorations for Christmas trees, meat, fish, poultry and game, meat extracts, preserved, frozen, dried and cooked fruits and vegetables, jellies, jams, compotes, eggs, milk and milk products, edible oils and fats, coffee, tea, cocoa and artificial coffee, rice, tapioca, sago, flour and preparations made from cereals, bread, pastry and confectionery, ices, sugar, honey, treacle, yeast, baking-powder, salt, mustard, vinegar, sauces (condiments), spices, ice, agricultural, horticultural and forestry products and grains, live animals, fresh fruits and vegetables, seeds, natural plants and flowers, foodstuffs for animals, malt, beers, mineral and aerated waters and other non-alcoholic drinks, fruit drinks and fruit juices, syrups and other preparations for making beverages, alcoholic beverages (except beers), tobacco, smokers’ articles, matches.

Insurance; Financial affairs; Monetary affairs; Real estate affairs; Credit card services; Debit card services; Issue of tokens of value; Issuance of credit cards; Issuing of travellers' checks [cheques]; Banking; Pawnbrokerage; Lending against security; Stock exchange quotations; Clearing, financial; Brokerage of carbon credits; Deposits of valuables; Actuarial services; Housing agents; Brokerage; Retirement payment services; Savings bank services; Provident fund services; Securities brokerage; Debt collection agencies; Rent collection; Funds transfer (Electronic -); Fiscal assessments; Insurance information; Financial information; Factoring; Fire insurance underwriting; Analysis (Financial -); Financial consultancy; Financial sponsorship; Valuation of standing timber (Financial -); Evaluation of wool (Financial -); Financial evaluation [insurance, banking, real estate]; Financing services; Apartment house management; Exchanging money; Business liquidation services, financial; Instalment loans; Home banking; Real estate agencies; Real estate management; Fund investments; Health insurance underwriting; Credit bureaux; Hire-purchase financing; Life insurance underwriting; Mortgage banking; Numismatic appraisal; Organization of collections; Charitable fund raising; Stamp appraisal; Jewelry appraisal; Antique appraisal; Real estate appraisal; Art appraisal; Repair costs evaluation [financial appraisal]; Check [cheque] verification; Marine insurance underwriting; Guarantees; Accident insurance underwriting; Loans [financing]; Rental of offices [real estate]; Renting of flats; Mutual funds; Insurance brokerage; Financial management; Fiduciary; Leasing of real estate; Leasing of farms; Insurance consultancy; Insurance underwriting; Safe deposit services; Accommodation bureaux [apartments]; Customs brokerage.

Telecommunications; Information about telecommunication; Television broadcasting; Cable television broadcasting; Radio broadcasting; Providing user access to global computer networks; Providing telecommunications connections to a global computer network; Providing internet chatrooms; Providing telecommunication channels for teleshopping services; Wire service; Wireless broadcasting; Electronic bulletin board services [telecommunications services]; Electronic mail; Telex services; Communications by fiber [fibre] optic networks; Communications by computer terminals; Communications by telephone; Telecommunications routing and junction services; Cellular telephone communication; Computer aided transmission of messages and images; Paging services [radio, telephone or other means of electronic communication]; Satellite transmission; Voice mail services; Facsimile transmission; Telephone services; Telegraph services; Communications by telegrams; Transmission of telegrams; Teleconferencing services; Transmission of digital files; Transmission of greeting cards online; Message sending; Rental of facsimile apparatus; Rental of message sending apparatus; Rental of modems; Rental of telephones; Rental of telecommunication equipment; Rental of access time to global computer networks; Providing access to databases.

Transport; Packaging and storage of goods; Travel arrangement; Towing; Vehicle breakdown assistance [towing]; Transportation information; Parcel delivery; Delivery of goods; Newspaper delivery; Passenger transport; Bus transport; Pleasure boat transport; Transport of travellers; Freighting; Salvage of ships; Ice-breaking; Flower delivery; Booking of seats for travel; Chauffeur services; Freight forwarding; Carting; Transport brokerage; Removal services; Boat storage; Storage of goods; Wrapping of goods; Unloading cargo; Storage information; Bottling services; Brokerage (Freight -); Franking of mail; Porterage; Ambulance transport; Courier services [messages or merchandise]; Storage; Piloting; Aircraft rental; Air transport; Transporting furniture; Message delivery; Car parking; Tram transport; Storage (Physical -) of electronically-stored data or documents; Transport by pipeline; Escorting of travellers; Coach (Motor -) rental; Travel reservation; Transport reservation; Salvaging; Rescue operations [transport]; Transport; Shipbrokerage; Operating canal locks; Marine transport; Launching of satellites for others; Stevedoring; Taxi transport; River transport; Railway transport; Ferry-boat transport; Car transport; Barge transport; Hauling; Boat transport; Transport and storage of trash; Armored-car transport; Transportation logistics; Underwater salvage; Sightseeing [tourism]; Arranging of cruises; Arranging of tours; Freight [shipping of goods]; Traffic information; Boat rental; Vehicle rental; Garage rental; Rental of freezers; Rental of vehicle roof racks; Truck (Railway -) rental; Car rental; Refrigerator rental; Rental of storage containers; Rental of warehouses; Parking place rental; Horse rental; Rental of motor racing cars; Rental of wheelchairs; Rental of diving suits; Rental of diving bells; Packaging of goods; Electricity distribution; Distribution of energy; Water distribution; Coach (Railway -) rental; Lighterage services; Water supplying; Refloating of ships; Delivery of goods by mail order.

Education; Providing of training; Entertainment; Sporting and cultural activities; Translation; Videotaping; Education information; Recreation information; Providing karaoke services; Vocational retraining; Vocational guidance [education or training advice]; Discotheque services; Bookmobile services; Club services [entertainment or education]; Boarding schools; Casino facilities [gambling] (Providing -); Holiday camp services [entertainment]; Health club services [health and fitness training]; Golf facilities (Providing -); Nursery schools; Museum facilities (Providing -) [presentation, exhibitions]; Night clubs; Providing amusement arcade services; Providing sports facilities; Sport camp services; Recording studio services; Music-halls; Amusement parks; Lending libraries; Coaching [training]; Practical training [demonstration]; Electronic desktop publishing; Entertainer services; Recreation facilities (Providing -); News reporters services; Disc jockey services; Language interpreter services; Personal trainer services [fitness training]; Zoological garden services; Sign language interpretation; Conducting fitness classes; Live performances (Presentation of -); Educational examination; Ticket agency services [entertainment]; Photographic reporting; Subtitling; Academies [education]; Tuition; Television entertainment; Correspondence courses; Film production, other than advertising films; Movie studios; Cinema presentations; Photography; Gambling; Gymnastic instruction; Publication of texts, other than publicity texts; Entertainment information; Calligraphy services; Music composition services; Layout services, other than for advertising purposes; Microfilming; Modelling for artists; Videotape editing; Orchestra services; Production of music; Game services provided on-line from a computer network; Providing on-line electronic publications, not downloadable; Publication of electronic books and journals on-line; Arranging and conducting of conferences; Arranging and conducting of congresses; Arranging and conducting of concerts; Arranging and conducting of symposiums; Fashion shows for entertainment purposes (Organization of -); Party planning [entertainment]; Booking of seats for shows; Production of shows; Religious education; Radio entertainment; Dubbing; Theatre productions; Animal training; Physical education; Amusements; Organization of sports competitions; Arranging and conducting of seminars; Arranging and conducting of workshops [training]; Arranging and conducting of colloquiums; Organization of exhibitions for cultural or educational purposes; Organization of balls; Operating lotteries; Arranging of beauty contests; Organization of shows [impresario services]; Organization of competitions [education or entertainment]; Scriptwriting services; Writing of texts, other than publicity texts; Rental of audio equipment; Rental of lighting apparatus for theatrical sets or television studios; Rental of show scenery; Rental of movie projectors and accessories; Rental of cine-films; Rental of radio and television sets; Games equipment rental; Toy rental; Rental of sports equipment, except vehicles; Rental of sports grounds; Rental of skin diving equipment; Rental of stadium facilities; Rental of tennis courts; Rental of stage scenery; Rental of sound recordings; Rental of camcorders; Publication of books; Videotape film production; Rental of videotapes; Rental of video cassette recorders; Timing of sports events; Circuses; Production of radio and television programmes.

Scientific and technological services and research and design relating thereto; Industrial analysis and research services; Design and development of computer hardware and software; Computer software (Updating of -); Architectural consultation; Consultancy in the field of energy-saving; Consultancy in the design and development of computer hardware; Providing search engines for the internet; Provision of scientific information, advice and consultancy in relation to carbon offsetting; Biological research; Computer software consultancy; Computer system analysis; Computer software design; Computer system design; Architecture; Chemistry services; Graphic arts designing; Industrial design; Design of interior decor; Dress designing; Physics [research]; Packaging design; Engineering; Computer virus protection services; Digitization of documents [scanning]; Chemical analysis; Oil prospecting; Authenticating works of art; Calibration [measuring]; Computer programming; Analysis for oil-field exploitation; Geological surveys; Oil-field surveys; Surveying; Monitoring of computer systems by remote access; Bacteriological research; Chemical research; Cosmetic research; Technical research; Mechanical research; Geological research; Geological prospecting; Creating and maintaining web sites for others; Handwriting analysis [graphology]; Hosting computer sites [web sites]; Cloud seeding; Installation of computer software; Construction drafting; Data conversion of computer programs and data [not physical conversion]; Conversion of data or documents from physical to electronic media; Duplication of computer programs; Land surveying; Material testing; Textile testing; Valuation of standing timber (Quality -); Evaluation of wool (Quality -); Quality control; Research and development for others; Urban planning; Styling [industrial design]; Project studies (Technical -); Vehicle roadworthiness testing; Oil-well testing; Research in the field of environmental protection; Underwater exploration; Rental of computer software; Computer rental; Rental of web servers; Maintenance of computer software; Water analysis; Weather forecasting; Recovery of computer data; Laboratory (Scientific -) services.

Services for providing food and drink; Temporary accommodation; Bar services; Providing campground facilities; Holiday camp services [lodging]; Hotels; Motels; Boarding for animals; Catering (Food and drink -); Day-nurseries [crèches]; Retirement homes; Boarding houses; Tourist homes; Rental of temporary accommodation; Rental of cooking apparatus; Rental of chairs, tables, table linen, glassware; Rental of transportable buildings; Rental of drinking water dispensers; Rental of meeting rooms; Rental of tents; Cafés; Cafeterias; Canteens; Restaurants; Snack-bars; Self-service restaurants; Accommodation reservations (Temporary -); Hotel reservations; Boarding house bookings; Accommodation bureaux [hotels, boarding houses].

Medical services; Veterinary services; Hygienic and beauty care for human beings or animals; Agriculture, horticulture and forestry services; Aromatherapy services; Tree surgery; Pharmacy advice; Health spa services; Public baths for hygiene purposes; Hospices; Sauna services; Solarium services; Pet grooming; Turkish baths; Blood bank services; Midwife services; Medical assistance; Chiropractics; Flower arranging; Hairdressing salons; Landscape gardening; Hospitals; Opticians' services; Psychologist (Services of a -); Health care; Veterinary assistance; Dentistry; Aquaculture services; Plant nurseries; Rest homes; Health centers; Nursing homes; Medical clinic services; Sanatoriums; Beauty salons; Visagists' services; Aerial and surface spreading of fertilizers and other agricultural chemicals; Massage; Rehabilitation for substance abuse patients; Gardening; Horticulture; Hair implantation; In vitro fertilization services; Nursing, medical; Wreath making; Artificial insemination services; Landscape design; Manicuring; Tree planting for carbon offsetting purposes; Physiotherapy; Plastic surgery; Lawn care; Vermin exterminating for agriculture, horticulture and forestry; Tattooing; Telemedicine services; Therapy services; Animal grooming; Animal breeding; Weed killing; Farming equipment rental; Medical equipment rental; Rental of sanitation facilities; Pharmacists' services to make up prescriptions.

Legal services; Security services for the protection of property and individuals; Personal and social services rendered by others to meet the needs of individuals; Adoption agency services; Genealogical research; Baby sitting; Chaperoning; Security consultancy; Intellectual property consultancy; Undertaking; Fire-fighting; Alternative dispute resolution services; Detective agencies; Litigation services; Marriage agencies; Funerals; Horoscope casting; Crematorium services; Baggage inspection for security purposes; House sitting; Pet sitting; Licensing of computer software [legal services]; Licensing of intellectual property; Mediation; Legal research; Missing person investigations; Personal background investigations; Night guards; Opening of security locks; Organization of religious meetings; Planning and arranging of wedding ceremonies; Registration of domain names [legal services]; Lost property return; Arbitration services; Personal body guarding; Inspection of factories for safety purposes; Monitoring of burglar and security alarms; Intellectual property watching services; Clothing rental; Rental of fire alarms; Rental of fire extinguishers; Evening dress rental; Rental of safes; Dating services; Copyright management; Guards.